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Haase and Elizabeth R. Snoke The Science House, North Carolina State UniversityM,Football is a source of good physics lessonsProjectile motion (footballs & players) Speed and velocity Forces and Momenta Inelastic collisions Levers, torques and mechanical advantage<Q',FWhy worry about the science?Leads to better and safer equipment Affects the rules of the sport Improves athletic performance Increases appreciation of the sport Good public relations for PhysicsbF'Some useful numbers and unitsA player at full speed ~ 22 miles/hour A linebacker ~ 220 pounds An offensive lineman ~ 300 pounds A good punt = 4 seconds and 40 yards A long pass = 40 yards in the air One Lott = the energy and momentum of a 220 lb. safety at full speed,#  `Is football dangerous? No! Being hit by a linebacker at full speed involves as much energy as catching a 16 pound bowling ball dropped from the 14th floor of a building. Is football tiring? How could it be? Even a wide receiver could run no more than 2500 yards in a single game. A halfback who carries the ball 1000 yards has had an excellent season.fa$$ A Matter of LanguageOffensive lineman: Heavy, big butt, wide body Really means Large mass or inertia, Low center of gravity, and large moment of inertia2' 'O ,Are the lessons the coach gave good physics?Hit and tackle low. Don t arm tackle. Keep your legs pumping. Use leverage. It is easier to turn someone than to move them.  What does the padding do?kPadding = shoulder pads, helmet, flak jackets, knee pads Absorbing energy Distributing the force of impact +What makes a tackle or a block destructive?LThe energy lost in the collision Where the energy is deposited Are the participants ready for the collision? Gravity is the  second tackler What does the ground do?     Destructive Hits #1HPunt or Kickoff return - head-on collision - players come to a dead stop Maximum loss of kinetic energy, but both players are prepared. DP = 2*(mv) DE = 2*(1/2) mv2R Destructive Hits #2Blindside hit on a quarterback Blitzing DE (275 lb) at full speed Quarterback not prepared Why does the DE get up while the quarterback stays down?/b Destructive Hits #3A safety picked up on a blitz by a 300 lb. lineman stepping in. The safety is clothes-lined by the lineman. All of the kinetic energy comes from the safety. The safety rotates backward and falls flat on his back.& Destructive Hits #4bSafety hits a receiver on a crossing pattern Running a right angles to each other Still not prettyDestructive Hits #5Blind side block on a linebacker by a receiver near the line of scrimmage Pins legs to the ground Linebacker is not prepared Good way to end a career with a knee injury.Football and Physics 3There are obviously many lessons to consider from football that enhance our appreciation of the game. We gratefully acknowledge the Burroughs Wellcome Fund which has supported our Science of Sports camps for high school students for the last three years. Thanks to ESPN Magazine for suggesting this inquiry*4f'/   ! " #$P8 ` 33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@ؕ,|?" dd@ؕ   " @ ` n?" dd@ؕ   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> 6.ݯ(  ݟ   `twawa1 ?P 9  T Click to edit Master title style! !@  Zwawa1 ? 9  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     Sݙ  ZTwawa1?G  j2The Science House, North Carolina State University33XB  0p?6  S  ? a( untitled 1 NF (  @  Ztwawa1 ? @ 9  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     Sp  01 ?   9 6  S  ? a( ݺ0 0(   6  S  ? a( ˕  @ݡ( zDz p    # lwawa1 ?P  9    # lwawa1 ? 9  p  HA1?P p  HA1?H  0޸h ? a( ܓ 0(`(    # ltwawa1 ?P  9    # lwawa1 ? 9  H  0޸h ? a( ܟ 0( (     # l4wawa1 ?P  9    # lwawa1 ? 9  H  0޸h ? a( ܜ 0(((  ( ( # lwawa1 ?   9   ( # l4wawa1 ?`  9  H ( 0޸h ? a( ܿX h`0ݿ(  0 0 # lwawa1 ?  9  H 0 0޸h ? a( ܚH 0(8(  8 8 # lwawa1 ?P  9   8 # ltwawa1 ? 9  H 8 0޸h ? a( ? 0(@(  @ @ # lwawa1 ?P  9   @ # l wawa1 ? 9  H @ 0޸h ? a( h 0( H(  H H # l wawa1 ?P  9   H # l"wawa1 ? 9  H H 0޸h ? a( 8 0(@P(  P P # lt"wawa1 ?P  9   P # l4#wawa1 ? 9  H P 0޸h ? a(    \ T `Xݓ(  X X # l#wawa1 ?P  9  p X HA1?`@ ^ X 6p? P^ X 6p? @^ X 6p?P p^ X 6p? 0` ݸ X ZT$wawa1?C  i  32ݸ  X Z%wawa1?S3 y 33ݸ  X Z%wawa1?#c H I 34ݸ  X Zwawa1?3Y 35XB  X 01?dB  X <1? $ dB X <1? ݀ X Zdwawa1?  : ~ 10 yards ݀ X Zwawa1?SSSy : ~ 10 yards H X 0޸h ? a(X  z ݏ`ݥ(  `^ ` 6p?  ` # lDwawa1 ?P  9   ` # lwawa1 ? 9  ݾ ` Zwawa1?* z:  \ 1.7 Lotts   d ` <8c? H ` 0޸h ? a(X   ݏhݥ(  h^ h 6p?  h # lwawa1 ?P  9   h # lDwawa1 ? 9  ݾ h Zwawa1?* z:  \ 1.5 Lotts   d h <8c? H h 0޸h ? a(X  l ݏpݥ(  p p # lwawa1 ?P  9   p # lwawa1 ? @ 9  ^ p 6p? ݾ p ZDwawa1?. ~6  \ 1.0 Lotts   d p <8c? H p 0޸h ? a(X   @ ݏxݥ( eOb x x # lwawa1 ?P  9   x # lwawa1 ? 9  ^ x 6p? ݾ x Zwawa1?. ~6  \ 0.8 Lotts   d x <8c? H x 0޸h ? a(X -d ݏݥ(    # lDwawa1 ?P  9    # l$wawa1 ?Pp 9  ^  6p? ݾ  Zwawa1?. ~6  \ 0.8 Lotts   d  <8c? H  0޸h ? a(  0( (    # lwawa1 ?P  9    # l4wawa1 ?  9  H  0޸h ? a(@   ݿ P (    # l4wawa1 ? @  9  Good morning, I am David Haase, Professor of Physics and Director of The Science House at North Carolina State University. My colleague, Beth Snoke, and I would like to remind you of some of the physics aspects, especially the contact part, of football. The title of the talk comes from a humorous monologue presented by a young Andy Griffith being a North Carolina country boy s description of first seeing a college football game. He could not figure out what all the fighting and hitting and cheering was all about. If he had grown up in Texas, Louisiana, or Florida instead, he would have known about football from birth. This paper started with my assisting in writing an article for ESPN magazine that was written by Alan Grant in October 5, 1998. Mr. Grant wanted a scientists view of tackling and blocking in the NFL. What are the most destructive hits and why? I am going to make a few comments about the science in football, develop some useful units for measurement and then discuss some particular hits.    H1 ?    9 H  0޸h ? a(N p(  ݅  # lwawa1 ? @  9  "The reason that so much attention is paid to football each Fall and Winter, and to Arena football in the Spring is because NFL and NCAA fans see football as a wonderful way to appreciate physics, especially mechanics. It is true that in some parts of the US, e.g. Texas, Pennsylvania, Florida, football has been elevated to a religion, but that is beyond the scope of this talk. I list some of the topics from mechanics that are most prominent in football and provide good sources for examples in introductory physics courses. In this talk I will concentrate on forces, momenta, and torques. These are parts of the  contact in football.     H1 ?    9 H  0޸h ? a(= ݛ$(  $ $ # ltwawa1 ? @  9  The physics does play an important part in football as it does in almost every sport. As scientists we must remember that the science contributes to the sport in the following ways. Only the first item above involves the asthetic of the sport. To me it is most interesting that the practicing athlete has developed an instinctive understanding of the physics involved in the sport, usually without connecting that understanding to what we would consider to be the fundamental physical principal. ݭ $  B1 ?    9 H $ 0޸h ? a( f^,ݚ(  ,. , # lwawa1 ? @  9  zTSince Physics is a quantitative sport, let us first develop some units and measures. A coach measures the quickness of a football player is by the time in the 40 yard dash. 4.4 seconds is a good time. The player does not go at full speed even after forty yards. Since the only players that have a chance to build up speed before a tackle are the cornerbacks or safeties, they are most often involved in the destructive tackles. The lineman do not get to run so far. Indeed, they usually cannot run over 40 yards at a sprint. They make up for this by being large. Momentum = mv is the important quantity in blocking and tackling. Safeties use a large v and linemen use a large m. Tommy Lott was a hard-hitting safety for the San Francisco 49ers. For the sake of argument, I think that in his prime Dick Butkus was a fiercer hitter and competitor.  U ,  H1 ?    9 H , 0޸h ? a( ]U4ݒ( wa 4% 4 # lTwawa1 ? @  9  qKThe rule of thumb in football is that a player is tackled or blocked by momentum but the hurt is caused by the kinetic energy lost in the collision. The energy of a linebacker is about the same as a bowling ball dropped from the 14th floor of a building. There are reasons to prefer the linebacker, but both collisions are intense. L 4  H1 ?    9 H 4 0޸h ? a(M  <(  < < # l4 wawa1 ? @  9  'This is how John Madden, the football announcer, might describe a large offensive lineman. And below that is my translation. Mr. Madden, anytime you would like to talk about the physics of football at the halftime of an NFL game, I will be glad to show up. ݭ <  B1 ?    9 H < 0޸h ? a(h ( D(  Dݚ D # lT!wawa1 ? @  9  BThe coach does know alot of physics. The translations of the items above are:  Hit below the other player s center of mass so you knock him over more easily  Tackle by using force exerted through your own center of mass. That is the way to exert the maximum force.  Keep pushing on the ground to exert force and to maintain your balance The last statement needs no translation. It is good physics. A good defensive end often uses leverage to turn a blocking offensive tackle so that the defensive player can get around him. ݭ D  B1 ?    9 H D 0޸h ? a(r 2*0L(   L L # l"wawa1 ? @  9  L&I think the purpose of padding is not well understood. Although padding has a soft component that absorbs energy, the hard component or cover that spreads the force of a collision over a larger area is just as, if not more important. The purpose of a flak jacket on a quarterback, for instance, is to spread the force of a helmet hit over several ribs. The use, misuse andsafety of the hard cover helmet is still controversial in football. The helmet is obviously still used as a weapon, a weapon that can hurt both the tackler and the ball carrier. 'ݭ L  B1 ?    9 H L 0޸h ? a(Z    PTݻ (  Tݏ  T # l#wawa1 ? @  9  4  There are several factors that determine the damage done in a collision. The first factor is the energy lost in the collision, or better, the energy distributed to each participant. Energy = (1/2)mv2 so a massive lineman or a speedier but smaller linebacker can each have his effect. Obviously there are some parts of the body that are more susceptible to damage - the back, the headand neck , the knees - and how the force of the collision is spread is also a factor. A good tackler uses gravity to do the tackling. This is why a good tackler hits low and uses gravity to pull the ball carrier over. Sometimes a high hit has the same effect. If the player is braced to be hit, he moves to reduce the effect of the hit but he also braces the muscles that connect head, torso, etc. In that case the player is more like a single rigid object. If the player is hit by surprise, e.g. the quarterback leveled from behind, then the player is more like several objects connected by springs. This affects the way in which energy is absorbed. The ground provides friction to slow down a sliding player, it may or may not be energy absorbing (grass vs. artificial turf) and the surface may pin the player s foot to a particular spot (can you say Anterior Cruciate Ligament?)$* ݭ T  B1 ?    9 H T 0޸h ? a(  iap\ݝ(  \7 \ # l۲wawa1 ? @  9  ݰ]This is a diagram of the locations of the tackles that are described in the following slides. ^ݭ \  B1 ?    9 H \ 0޸h ? a("  dr( 0 dݻ d # lwawa1 ? @  9  ݚThis hit usually looks horrible but both players get up afterwards because they saw it coming and could prepare. A rigid body is more likely to bounce and absorbs less energy in strained ligaments. The unit of Lotts is based upon the amount of momentum change per player in the collision plus some consideration of factors such as surprise and  style points.  i d  H1 ?    9 H d 0޸h ? a(l  ,$lݹ(  eci89 lݙ l # l$wawa1 ? @  9  @This is the way quarterbacks retire prematurely. The QB is unprepared for the hit. The hit is on the back, which is unprepared and vulnerable. The Defensive End is big and going about as fast as a DE can go. The DE can get up because he knew the hit was coming and used his padding.  l  H1 ?    9 H l 0޸h ? a(  tG( @,JK t t # ldwawa1 ? @  9  This hit looks bad because gravity is the second tackler. The hit is high, always a problem, and the lineman does not have to do much but be large and stay in place.  t  H1 ?    9 H t 0޸h ? a(H  |( 0z  | | # lt%wawa1 ? @  9  This hit is not as bad because the momenta of the players are not directed on the same line. After the hit they should roll off in one direction together. So part of the momentum goes into that motion, rather than breaking bones or  cleaning clocks.   |  H1 ?    9 H | 0޸h ? a(\ ( reve` ݊  # lwawa1 ? @  9  0 This one is self explanatory. The damage potential of a low hit from the side is always magnified if the shoe cleats are firmly planted in the turf. This puts enormous force on the ankle or knee. Artificial turf may increase the possibility of injury in this case.     H1 ?    9 H  0޸h ? a(3 ݑ0ݰ(    # lwawa1 ? @  9  As physicists and physics teachers we should never overlook possibilities of talking about our science and showing how it is applied in everyday life. I hope that I have given you some ideas to discuss in front of the TV on Super Bowl Sunday. Our interest in this subject came, of course, from years of fandom, but was increased by three summers of running a camp on the Science of Sports. The students questions and our own investigations led to the present talk./   H1 ?    9 H  0޸h ? a(r@$L'(+B.03Z57::=?INfRV&[_&bnls x}\!LKر?:$Z\¿m|;X&>12 ۰, sA!mֳ&dq?"ਮ;{%'Гq`z?W0u7!"ȠESOAJ?vHO{,hV6V|;_dC7.7s->,ҞL*/5\MҨ;izH?Jd8bA*H~Ε4!.=cu+&k1ou@ ĘOh+'08 P\    'What It Was Was FootballoihatDavid G. 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